One problem of ARTIFICIAL IMPREGNATION or ARTIFICIAL reproduction techniques (ART) is lack of formulated laws and rules in Islamic countries, including Iran, where laws must be compatible with and raised by Islamic principles and essentials. Since ARTIFICIAL reproduction is among new problems, it naturally cannot be traced back in works of preceding jurists, and since a need for law-formulation is researches done in order to assist lawmakers in this regard, this essay surveys a fundamental axis of that subject. Genealogy caused by ARTIFICIAL IMPREGNATION through an alien agent is presented in this essay in order to find out whether it is joined to genealogy caused by adultery or that of marriage? In other word~, the born child should be treated as illegitimate or as legitimate? If the latter, the child will naturally enjoy all rights of "descendants". Prohibition of mariage of the female child with father and attribution of the child to mother are among considerable issues of the subject in quesion. It is worthy of reminding that various conditions necessitate their own specific necessities.

The first step in the manufacturing of long and high fibre volume fraction of thermoplatic composite is the prepreg production with a melt IMPREGNATION process. During this process a polymeric matrix is introduced into the fibre tow. In this research an extruder equipped with a specially designed cross- head die was used for producing long and high fibre volume fraction of thermoplastic prepregs and to study the continuous melt IMPREGNATION of glass fibre roving with a polypropylene melt. A suitable relation determined from the cross-sectional area of the bundles and prepreg was selected as a proper indication of the IMPREGNATION quality. Our study shows that process and material parameters such as melt temperature and melt flow index have positive effect on the IMPREGNATION and those like line speed and melt pressure inside the cross-head die having a negative effect on fibre wetting.

Background and Aim: Discoloration is among the most common problems of composite restorations. Color change over time compromises the main advantage of composite resins namely their high esthetics. In such cases, the restoration needs to be replaced. .The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the effect of accelerated ARTIFICIAL aging (AAA) on the color stability of three composite resins (Filtek Z250, Filtek Z250XT, and Filtek Supreme). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 7 composite specimens with equal dimensions were fabricated of each composite resin. The initial color of specimens was measured using a spectroradiometer according to the CIE L*a*b* system. The specimens were then submitted to AAA for 384h and underwent color assessment again. Before and after aging, the surface roughness of one specimen from each group was determined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The obtained color parameters were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: The color change of Filtek Z250 was significantly lower than that of Filtek Z250XT and Filtek Supreme (P≤0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between Z250XT and Supreme in this respect (P>0.05 ). Conclusion: All composite resins showed color change above the clinically acceptable threshold. Z250 microhybrid composite was more color stable than nano-composites (Z250XT and Supreme). AAA increased the surface roughness in all groups but it was within the clinically acceptable range.

The IMPREGNATION prediction of meled thermoplastic into reinforced fiber is the one of the challenges in pultrusion of thermoplastic composites. In this paper, tow IMPREGNATION models has been presented to analyze the IMPREGNATION in the pultrusion process of thermoplastic composites. At first, a simple model based on Darcy’s law is provided. In the first model, without considering microscopic impregnating flow, velocity of macroscopic flow and pressure of the molten thermoplastic calculated along the axis of the pultrusion mold. The calculated pressure in the macroscopic flow in the axial direction is combined with Darcy equations in microscopic and macroscopic flow, Then the simple equation is obtained to calculate the radial velocity of melted thermoplastic and the radius dimension of the dry region of the fiber agglomeration. This dry region radius shows an estimate of the degree of IMPREGNATION. In the second part, a developed model has been proposed. In this model, microscopic flow and the radius changes of agglomeration are considered. Darcy equation is written in two radial microscopic and macroscopic axial direction flow. The perfect equation considering the macroscopic and microscopic flow is proposed. This equation represents the relationship between pressure drops in macroscopic axial and microscopic radial direction and the radius of the dry region and agglomeration radius with other constants. An iterative solution algorithm for solving the developed model is used. Both models for a series of inputs have been calculated. The degree of IMPREGNATION and radius of dried fiber region in agglomerations has been calculated.

Introduction: Discoloration is one of the most common reasons for replacement of resin composites. The purpose of this study was to compare the color stability of three Methacrylate-based Resin Composites (Filtek Z250, Filtek Z250x, Filtek Z350xt) with Silorane-based Resin Composites (Filtek P90) after Accelerated ARTIFICIAL Aging (AAA).Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study 56 composite discs were prepared (N=14). CIE L*a*b* parameters of each specimen were measured by a reflectance spectrophotometer after 24h and 384 h of AAA. Then Color change (DE) of each composite was calculated. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA, Tukey and paired t-test at the significance level of 0.05.Results: DE values of Filtek Z250, Filtek Z250x, Filtek Z350xt and Filtek P90 were 7.77, 5.86, 8.95 and 8, respectively. One way ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference between DE values of composites (P˂0.001). Tukey’s test revealed that DE value of Filtek Z250xt was significantly lower than those of other composites (P˂0.05).Conclusion: Silorane and methacrylate based composites showed a color change more than the clinically acceptable level (DE˃3.3) after AAA. Filtek Z250xt showed the lowest color change and other composites showed relatively similar color change.